Different disciplines have different ways of knowing. They also have different ways of citing references in manuscripts. The test of a good citation format is whether a person from another discipline can use the citation to find the original source. For our purposes, you may use any convenient, standard citation format so long as a reader can use it to find the original source.

One widely used format is that recommended by the American Psychological Association; it is called APA style. I personally prefer the formats used by the Journal of Physiology and the American Journal of Physiology. Citations within the text may be noted by numerals in parentheses (such as (4)) that correspond with the bibliographic references, which are numbered and arranged in alphabetical order. Here are acceptable examples for citations of professional journal articles, popular magazine articles, books, book chapters, speeches, web pages, and personal communications.

JOURNAL
Breckenridge, A.J., P.L. Dawson, and K.C. Rolinski, 1999. Management of maternal hypertension in premature preeclamptic deliveries. J. Physiol. 36: 292-312.

MAGAZINE ARTICLE
Rockaway, J.E., 1997. Coping with the problem pregnancy: How Father can help keep Mother well and Baby happy. Family matters. June/July, pp. 27-31, 68, 70.

BOOK
Clawson, V.V., 1999. A manual of surgical obstetrics. San Francisco: Beagle Books, Inc., p. 127.

CHAPTER IN A BOOK
Abernathy, L.C., 1998. Structure of the spiral arteries. In Gamson, R. R. and M.S. Sherman (eds.). Anatomy of the pathological pregnancy. Boston: Milledge Publishing Co., pp. 441-56.

SPEECH
F.M. Magnum, 1999. The trouble with teenage pregnancies. Speech given to the American Society of Families, Annual meeting, Sarasota, FL, May 12.

INTERNET PAGE
Authentic Pages Corporation, 2001. How to manufacture soap from engine exhaust. http://www.foreveryoung.org/cars/detergents/manufact.html

PERSONAL COMMUNICATION
D.J. Jamison, 1996. Personal communication. Family Practice Clinic, 804 N. Cambridge Rd., South Canyon, CA, 92010.